-
Breyer (2017)
Implementing a contributory scoring approach for the GRE® Analytical Writing section: A c…
ETS Research Report Series
↗
-
Bridgeman (2012)
Comparison of human and machine scoring of essays: Differences by gender, ethnicity, and …
Applied Measurement in Education
↗
-
Bulut, O., Beiting-Parrish, M., Casabianca, J.M., Slater, S.C., Jiao, H., Song, D., Ormerod, C., Fabiyi, D.G.…
-
Burstein, J., & LaFlair, G.T. (2024). Where assessment validation and responsible AI meet. arXiv. https://arx…
-
Chapelle (2021)
Argument-based validation in testing and assessment
-
Chen (2023)
An empirical survey off data augmentation for limited data learning in NLP
Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics
↗
-
Cizek (2020)
Validity: An integrated approach to test score meaning and use
-
Cochran (2023)
Improving automated evaluation of student text responses using GPT-3.5 for text data augm…
Artificial Intelligence in Education. AIED 2023
-
Deane, P. (2011). Writing assessment and cognition (Research Report No. RR-11-14). Princeton, NJ: ETS.
-
Fang, L., Lee, G., & Zhai, X. (2023). Using GPT-4 to augment unbalanced data for automatic scoring. arXiv pre…
-
Ferrara (2022)
Validity arguments for AI-based automated scores: Essay scoring as an illustration
Journal of Educational Measurement
↗
-
Firoozi, T., Bulut, O., & Gorgun, G. (2024, April). Text augmentation for enhancing the accuracy of automated…
-
Fu (2024)
A workflow for minimizing errors in template-based automated item-generation development
Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice
↗
-
Gallegos (2024)
Bias and fairness in large language models: A survey
Computational Linguistics
↗
-
Haladyna (2013)
Developing and validating test items
-
Hao (2024)
Transforming assessment: The impacts and implications of large language models and genera…
Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice
↗
-
Huang (2025)
Exploring the effectiveness of large-scale automated writing evaluation implementation on…
Journal of Computer Assisted Learning
↗
-
Iaccarino (2025)
Exploring the effect of human error when using expert judgments to train an automated sco…
Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice
↗
-
International Test Commission and Association of Test Publishers (2025). Guidelines for technology-based asse…
-
Kane (2006)
Validation
Educational measurement
-
Kane (2013)
Validating the interpretations and uses of test scores
Journal of Educational Measurement
↗
-
Kane (2016)
Explicating validity
Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice
-
Kolen, M. (2011). Comparability issues associated with assessment for the common core state standards. Paper …
-
Landauer (2000)
Simulating text understanding for educational applications with latent semantic analysis:…
Interactive Learning Environments
↗
-
Lane (2023)
Validity, fairness, and technology-based assessment
Advancing natural language processing in educational assessment
-
Lane (2026)
Validity and validation
Educational measurement
-
Lee, G., Fang, L., & Zhai, X. (2024, April). Improving machine scoring performance with unbalanced training d…
-
Lee (2024)
Comparative analysis of psychometric frameworks and properties of scores from autogenerat…
Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice
↗
-
Mansour, W.A., Albatarni, S., Eltanbouly, S., & Elsayed, T. (2024, May). Can large language models automatica…
-
McCaffrey (2022)
Best practices for constructed-response scoring
ETS Research Report Series
↗
-
Mizumoto (2023)
Exploring the potential of using an AI language model for automated essay scoring
Research Methods in Applied Linguistics
↗
-
Morris (2025)
Automated scoring of constructed response items in math assessment using large language models
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
↗
-
National Council of Teachers of English. (2013, April). NCTE position statement on machine scoring. http://ww…
-
Open AI (2026). ChatGPT 5.4 [Large language model]. OpenAI. https://platform.openai.com.
-
OpenAI. (2022). GPT3.5 [Large language model]. OpenAI. https://platform.openai.com.
-
Ormerod, C.M., & Kwako, A. (2024). Automated text scoring in the age of generative AI for the GPU-poor. arXiv…
-
Palermo (2024)
Automated essay evaluation at scale: Hybrid automated scoring/hand scoring in the summati…
The Routledge International Handbook of Automated Essay Evaluation
-
Palermo, C., He, Y., Justice, D., & Katula, P. (2025, October). Improving automated scoring accuracy through …
-
Palermo et al. (2020)
Journal of Writing Research
-
Park (2022)
EssayGAN: Essay data augmentation based on generative adversarial networks for automated …
Applied Sciences
-
Perelman (2014)
Assessing Writing
-
Powers (2002)
Comparing the validity of automated and human scoring of essays
Journal of Educational Computing Research
↗
-
Reinhart (2025)
Do LLMs write like humans? Variation in grammatical and rhetorical styles
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
↗
-
Rich (2013)
Applications of automated essay evaluation in West Virginia
Handbook of automated essay evaluation: Current application and new directions
-
Rupp (2020)
Theory into practice: Reflections on the handbook
Handbook of automated scoring
-
Rupp, A.A., & Lorié, W. (2023). Ready or not: AI is changing assessment and accountability. Center for Assess…
-
Shapiro (2024)
Decoding the future: A guide to choosing AI for test development
-
Tan (2025)
A review of automatic item generation techniques leveraging large language models
International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education
↗
-
Tashu (2022)
Synonym-based essay generation and augmentation for robust automatic essay scoring
Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning
-
Vo et al. (2023)
Assessing Writing
-
Wang, Y., Wu, X., Huang, J., Liu, L., Zhai, X., & Liu, N. (2026). BRIDGE the gap: mitigating bias amplificati…
-
Weigle (2013)
Assessing Writing
-
Welch (2022)
Establishing fairness when developing educational tests
Fairness in educational and psychological testing: examining theoretical, research, practice and policy implications of 2014 Standards
-
Williamson (2012)
A framework for evaluation and use of automated scoring
Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice
↗
-
Wilson et al. (2024)
Assessing Writing
-
Wilson (2024)
Elementary English learners’ engagement with automated feedback
Learning and Instruction
↗
-
Wolfe, E.W., & Barber, J.O. (2026). Calibrating generative AI to produce realistic essays for data augmentati…
-
Wood (2020)
Public perception and communication around automated essay scoring
Handbook of automated scoring: Theory into practice
-
Xue (2026)
On the consistency of automatic scoring with large language models
Educational and Psychological Measurement
↗
-
Zhang (2013)
Contrasting automated and human scoring of essays
R & D Connections
-
Zhang et al. (2026)
Journal of Writing Research
-
Zhang (2017)
Differential feature functioning in automated essay scoring
Test fairness in the new generation of large-scale assessment
-
Zhang (2015)
Character-level convolutional networks for text classification
Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems
-
Zhong (2026)
AI-generated essays: characteristics and implications on automated scoring and academic i…
Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice
-
Zieky (2016)
Test design and development
Fairness in educational assessment and measurement