Assessing Writing Oct 2025

Lexical richness in young English learners’ writing: A focus on opinion and listen-write task types

Hakyung Sung Rochester Institute of Technology ; Mikyung Kim Wolf ; Michael Suhan ; Kristopher Kyle University of Oregon
Journal
Assessing Writing
Published
2025-10-01
DOI
10.1016/j.asw.2025.100975
CompPile
Open Access
Closed
Topics
Export
BibTeX RIS

Citation context

Cited by in this index (0)

No articles in this index cite this work.

References (76) · 5 in this index

  1. Akaike (1974)
    A new look at the statistical model identification
    IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control  ↗
  2. Barton, K. (2009). MuMIn: Multi-model inference. R package. Retrieved from http://r-forge.r-project.org/proje…
     ↗
  3. Bulté (2012)
    Defining and operationalising L2 complexity
    Dimensions of L2 performance and proficiency: Complexity accuracy and fluency in SLA
  4. Bulté (2024)
    Complexity and difficulty in second language acquisition: A theoretical and methodologica…
    Language Learning
  5. Brysbaert (2009)
    Moving beyond Kučera and francis: A critical evaluation of current word frequency norms a…
    Behavior Research Methods  ↗
Show all 76 →
  1. Brysbaert (2014)
    Concreteness ratings for 40 thousand generally known English word lemmas
    Behavior Research Methods  ↗
  2. Cai et al. (2024)
    Examining the direct and indirect impacts of verbatim source use on linguistic …
    Assessing Writing
  3. (2011)
    Building a validity argument for the Test of English as a Foreign Language
  4. Cohen (2013)
    Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
  5. Coltheart (1981)
    The MRC psycholinguistic database
    The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A  ↗
  6. Covington (2010)
    Cutting the gordian knot: The moving-average type–token ratio (MATTR)
    Journal of Quantitative Linguistics  ↗
  7. Crossley (2014)
    The role of lexical properties and cohesive devices in text integration and their effect …
    Language Assessment Quarterly  ↗
  8. Crossley (2019)
    The tool for the automatic analysis of cohesion 2.0: Integrating semantic similarity and …
    Behavior Research Methods  ↗
  9. Crossley (2016)
    The development and use of cohesive devices in L2 writing and their relations to judgment…
    Journal of Second Language Writing  ↗
  10. Crossley (2009)
    Measuring L2 lexical growth using hypernymic relationships
    Language Learning  ↗
  11. Crossley (2012)
    Predicting the proficiency level of language learners using lexical indices
    Language Testing  ↗
  12. Crossley (2015)
    Assessing lexical proficiency using analytic ratings: A case for collocation accuracy
    Applied Linguistics
  13. Cumming et al. (2005)
    Differences in written discourse in independent and integrated prototype tasks …
    Assessing Writing
  14. Davies (2009)
    The 385+ million word corpus of contemporary American English (1990–2008+): Design, archi…
    International Journal of Corpus Linguistics  ↗
  15. DeKeyser (2005)
    What makes learning second-language grammar difficult? A review of issues
    Language Learning  ↗
  16. DeKeyser (2016)
    Of moving targets and chameleons: Why the concept of difficulty is so hard to pin down
    Studies in Second Language Acquisition  ↗
  17. De Wilde (2023)
    Lexical characteristics of young L2 English learners’ narrative writing at the start of f…
    Journal of Second Language Writing  ↗
  18. Durrant (2019)
    Development of vocabulary sophistication across genres in English children’s writing
    Reading and Writing  ↗
  19. Durrant (2023)
    Development of noun phrase complexity across genres in children’s writing
    Applied Linguistics  ↗
  20. ETS. (2019). TOEFL Junior framework and test development. 〈https://www.ets.org/content/dam/ets-india/pdfs/toe…
  21. ETS. (2023). TOEFL Junior test taker handbook. 〈https://www.ets.org/pdfs/toefl/toefl-junior-handbook.pdf〉.
  22. Engber (1995)
    The relationship of lexical proficiency to the quality of ESL compositions
    Journal of Second Language Writing  ↗
  23. Ferris (1994)
    Lexical and syntactic features of ESL writing by students at different levels of L2 proficiency
    TESOL Quarterly  ↗
  24. Flor (2024)
    Mapping of American English vocabulary by grade levels
    ITL-International Journal of Applied Linguistics  ↗
  25. Gregori-Signes (2015)
    Analysing lexical density and lexical diversity in university students’ written discourse
    Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences  ↗
  26. Halliday (1989)
    Spoken and written language
  27. Hothorn (2008)
    Simultaneous inference in general parametric models
    Biometrical Journal: Journal of Mathematical Methods in Biosciences  ↗
  28. Jarvis (2002)
    Short texts, best-fitting curves and new measures of lexical diversity
    Language Testing  ↗
  29. Jarvis (2013)
    Capturing the diversity in lexical diversity
    Language Learning  ↗
  30. Keuleers (2015)
    Megastudies, crowdsourcing, and large datasets in psycholinguistics: An overview of recen…
    Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology  ↗
  31. Kim (2014)
    Predicting L2 writing proficiency using linguistic complexity measures: A corpus-based study
    English Teaching  ↗
  32. Kim (2018)
    Lexical sophistication as a multidimensional phenomenon: Relations to second language lex…
    The Modern Language Journal  ↗
  33. Koizumi (2012)
    Effects of text length on lexical diversity measures: Using short texts with less than 20…
    System  ↗
  34. Kuperman (2012)
    Age-of-acquisition ratings for 30,000 English words
    Behavior Research Methods  ↗
  35. Kyle (2019)
    Measuring lexical richness
    The Routledge handbook of vocabulary studies
  36. Kyle (2020)
    The relationship between features of source text use and integrated writing quality
    Assessing Writing
  37. Kyle (2023)
    Assessing spoken lexical and lexicogrammatical proficiency using features of word, bigram…
    The Modern Language Journal  ↗
  38. Kyle (2015)
    Automatically assessing lexical sophistication: Indices, tools, findings, and application
    TESOL Quarterly  ↗
  39. Kyle (2016)
    The relationship between lexical sophistication and independent and source-based writing
    Journal of Second Language Writing  ↗
  40. Kyle (2021)
    Assessing the validity of lexical diversity indices using direct judgements
    Language Assessment Quarterly  ↗
  41. Kyle (2018)
    The tool for the automatic analysis of lexical sophistication (TAALES): Version 2.0
    Behavior Research Methods  ↗
  42. Kyle (2024)
    Evaluating evidence for the reliability and validity of lexical diversity indices in L2 o…
    Studies in Second Language Acquisition  ↗
  43. Laufer (1995)
    Vocabulary size and use: Lexical richness in L2 written production
    Applied Linguistics  ↗
  44. Linnarud (1986)
    Lexis in composition: a performance analysis of Swedish learners’ written English
  45. Lu (2011)
    A corpus-based evaluation of syntactic complexity measures as indices of college-level ES…
    TESOL Quarterly  ↗
  46. Lu (2012)
    The relationship of lexical richness to the quality of ESL learners’ oral narratives
    The Modern Language Journal  ↗
  47. Maamuujav (2021)
    Syntactic and lexical features of adolescent L2 students’ academic writing
    Journal of Second Language Writing  ↗
  48. Malvern (2004)
    Lexical diversity and language development
  49. McCarthy (2010)
    MTLD, vocd-D, and HD-D: Avalidation study of sophisticated approaches to lexical diversit…
    Behavior Research Methods  ↗
  50. McDonald (2001)
    Rethinking the word frequency effect: The neglected role of distributional information in…
    Language and Speech  ↗
  51. Meara (2005)
    Designing vocabulary tests for English, Spanish and other languages
    The dynamics of Language use: Functional and contrastive perspectives
  52. Meara (2001)
    P-Lex: A simple and effective way of describing the lexical characteristics of short L2 tests
    Prospect
  53. Monteiro (2020)
    In search of new benchmarks: Using L2 lexical frequency and contextual diversity indices …
    Applied Linguistics  ↗
  54. Nation (2005)
    Teaching and learning vocabulary
    Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning
  55. Nelson (2004)
    The university of south florida free association, rhyme, and word fragment norms
    Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, Computers  ↗
  56. Norris (2003)
    Defining and measuring SLA
    The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition  ↗
  57. O’Loughlin (1995)
    Lexical density in candidate output on direct and semi-direct versions of an oral profici…
    Language Testing  ↗
  58. Ortega (2003)
    Syntactic complexity measures and their relationship to L2 proficiency: A research synthe…
    Applied Linguistics  ↗
  59. Pallotti (2015)
    A simple view of linguistic complexity
    Second Language Research  ↗
  60. R Core Team. (2023). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Co…
  61. Schleppegrell (2004)
    The language of schooling: A functional linguistics perspective
  62. Tan (2012)
    The reliability of the akaike information criterion method in cosmological model selection
    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society  ↗
  63. Treffers-Daller (2013)
    Measuring lexical diversity among L2 learners of French: An exploration of the validity o…
    Vocabulary Knowledge
  64. Ure (1971)
    Lexical density and register differentiation
    Applications of Linguistics
  65. Verspoor (2012)
    A dynamic usage based perspective on L2 writing
    Journal of Second Language Writing  ↗
  66. Wolf (2024)
    Assessment of young language learners
    The Concise Companion to Language Assessment
  67. Wolf (2018)
    Young adolescent EFL students’ writing skill development: Insights from assessment data
    Language Assessment Quarterly  ↗
  68. Woods et al. (2023)
    A multi-measure approach for lexical diversity in writing assessments: Consider…
    Assessing Writing
  69. Yoon (2018)
    The development of ESL writing quality and lexical proficiency: Suggestions for assessing…
    Language Assessment Quarterly  ↗
  70. Yule (1944)
    The statistical study of literary vocabulary
  71. Zenker et al. (2021)
    Investigating minimum text lengths for lexical diversity indices
    Assessing Writing
CrossRef global citation count: 0 View in citation network → Build reading path →